Synzoochory is the dispersal of seeds by seed-caching animals. The animal partner in this
interaction plays a dual role, acting both as seed disperser and seed predator. We propose …

Frugivory, that is feeding on fruits, pulp or seeds by animals, is usually considered a
mutualism when interactions involve seed dispersal, and an antagonism when it results in …

Abstract Theory predicts that contrasting properties of mutualistic and antagonistic networks
differentially promote community resilience to species loss. However, the outcome of most …

Illegal wildlife trade, which mostly focuses on high-demand species, constitutes a major
threat to biodiversity. However, whether poaching is an opportunistic crime within high …

Seed dispersal is one of the most studied plant–animal mutualisms. It has been proposed
that the dispersal of many large-seeded plants from Neotropical forests was primarily …

Human advance on natural habitats is a major cause of biodiversity loss. This transformation
process represents a profound change in wooded environments, disrupting original …

Parrots are largely considered plant antagonists as they usually destroy the seeds they feed
on. However, there is evidence that parrots may also act as seed dispersers. We evaluated …

Background Urbanization is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. Wildlife
responses to urbanization, however, are greatly variable and, paradoxically, some …

Aim Conservation planning and prioritization generally have focused on protecting taxa
based on assessments of their long‐term persistence or on protecting habitats and sites with …

Keystone species are organisms, usually animals of higher trophic levels, that have large
ecological impacts relative to their abundance. A recent extension of this concept recognizes …