The past decade has witnessed exponentially growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb)
owing to new discoveries relating to its critical role in regulating negatively motivated …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning,
memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream …

Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has revolutionized the
treatment of depression because of its potent, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects …

Chronic stress is a major risk factor for depression onset. However, it remains unclear how
repeated stress sculpts neural circuits and finally elicits depression. Given the essential role …

Depression is a devastating disorder with a combination of diverse symptoms such as low
self-esteem, lack of motivation, anhedonia, loss of appetite, low energy, and discomfort …

The ventral pallidum (VP) is critical for invigorating reward seeking and is also involved in
punishment avoidance, but how it contributes to such opposing behavioral actions remains …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurons, which have
been implicated in reward and aversion. Here, we determined whether VTA-glutamate or …

The habenula complex is appreciated as a critical regulator of motivated and pathological
behavioral states via its output to midbrain nuclei. Despite this, transcriptional definition of …

Encoding and predicting aversive events are critical functions of circuits that support survival
and emotional well-being. Maladaptive circuit changes in emotional valence processing can …

The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain structure critical for processing and
adapting to negative action outcomes. However, despite the importance of LHb to behavior …