Abstract The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a crucial role in connecting services and
users on the Internet. Since its first specification, DNS has been extended in numerous …

This paper introduces a causal model inspired by structural equation modeling that explains
cyber risk outcomes in terms of latent factors measured using reflexive indicators. First, we …

Denial-of-Service attacks have rapidly increased in terms of frequency and intensity, steadily
becoming one of the biggest threats to Internet stability and reliability. However, a rigorous …

Researchers have observed the increasing commoditization of cybercrime, that is, the
offering of capabilities, services, and resources as commodities by specialized suppliers in …

Underground forums contain many thousands of active users, but the vast majority will be
involved, at most, in minor levels of deviance. The number who engage in serious criminal …

In this paper, we shed new light on the DNS amplification ecosystem, by studying
complementary data sources, bolstered by orthogonal methodologies. First, we introduce a …

Illegal booter services offer denial of service (DoS) attacks for a fee of a few tens of dollars a
month. Internationally, police have implemented a range of different types of intervention …

The emergence of Cybercrime-as-a-Service (CaaS) is a critical evolution in the cybercrime
landscape. A key area of research on CaaS is where and how the supply of CaaS is being …

Objective Aiming to reduce distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks by alerting the
consciences of Internet users, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of four warning banners …

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks employing reflected UDP amplification are
regularly used to disrupt networks and systems. The amplification allows one rented server …