The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the
Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent …

About 3 million years ago (Ma), the I sthmus of P anama joined the A mericas, forming a land
bridge over which inhabitants of each A merica invaded the other—the G reat A merican B …

The significance of symbioses between eukaryotic hosts and microbes extends from the
organismal to the ecosystem level and underpins the health of Earth's most threatened …

Continental‐scale assembly of floras results from past and present in situ diversification in
association with several external processes. Among these processes are the making and …

The phylogeny and systematics of fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae) have long been
studied with diverse data types, including an increasing amount of molecular data. However …

The eastern tropical Pacific is oceanographically unfavorable for coral-reef development.
Nevertheless, reefs have persisted there for the last 7000 years. Rates of vertical accretion …

Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry is a powerful tool for reconstructing
paleotemperature and paleosalinity. Despite its broad application in biotic and abiotic …

Background The immense geologic and ecological complexity of the Caribbean has created
a natural laboratory for interpreting when and how organisms disperse through time and …

Geological uplift along the Central American Arc began in the Eocene with extensive
development of emergent terrains by the early Miocene. Nevertheless, three independent …

Isolation of the Caribbean Sea from the tropical Eastern Pacific by uplift of the Isthmus of
Panama in the late Pliocene was associated with major, taxonomically variable, shifts in …