Microalgae have many commercial applications including biofuel production, use in human
and animal nutrition, as pharmaceuticals and therapeutic compounds, in beauty-related …

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a bacterial nanomachine used to inject effectors into
prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and is thus involved in both host manipulation and …

Virus metagenomics is a young research filed but it has already transformed our
understanding of virus diversity and evolution, and illuminated at a new level the …

Chlorophytes (representing a clade within the Viridiplantae and a sister group of the
Streptophyta) probably dominated marine export bioproductivity and played a key role in …

In present times, the levels of ionizing radiation (IR) on the surface of Earth are relatively low,
posing no high challenges for the survival of contemporary life forms. IR derives from natural …

Over the last 470 Ma, plant evolution has seen major evolutionary transitions, such as the
move from water to land and the origins of vascular tissues, seeds, and flowers [1]. These …

The history of life is punctuated by evolutionary transitions which engender emergence of
new levels of biological organization that involves selection acting at increasingly complex …

The algal ancestors of land plants underwent a transition from a unicellular to a multicellular
body plan. 1 This transition likely took place early in streptophyte evolution, sometime after …

Hyphae represent a hallmark structure of multicellular fungi. The evolutionary origins of
hyphae and of the underlying genes are, however, hardly known. By systematically …

Phytohormones are a class of small organic molecules that are widely used in higher plants
and microalgae as chemical messengers. Phytohormones play a regulatory role in the …