Light around twilight provides the primary entrainment signal for circadian rhythms. Here we
review the mechanisms and responses of the mouse and human circadian systems to light …

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a widely expressed family of 28
evolutionarily conserved cationic ion channels that operate as primary detectors of chemical …

Melanopsin is a visual pigment that is expressed in a small subset of intrinsically
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). It is involved in regulating non-image forming …

Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior provide a selective advantage by enabling
organisms to anticipate rhythmic changes in their environment. These rhythms are based …

Optogenetic strategies to restore vision in patients who are blind from end-stage retinal
degenerations aim to render remaining retinal cells light sensitive once photoreceptors are …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the major protein family for cellular
modulation in mammals. Therefore, various strategies have been developed to analyze the …

Over the past two decades there have been significant advances in our understanding of
both the anatomy and function of the melanopsin system. It has become clear that rather …

Non-image-forming vision in mammals is mediated primarily by melanopsin-expressing,
intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). In mouse M1-ipRGCs, by far the …

Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)
family, which not only induces cartilage and bone formation, but also regulates eye …

During inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs), vision is lost due to photoreceptor cell death;
however, a range of optogenetic tools have been shown to restore light responses in animal …