Emotions are fundamental to our experience and behavior, affecting and motivating all
aspects of our lives. Scientists of various disciplines have been fascinated by emotions for …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Emotion is often understood in terms of a circumscribed set of cortical and subcortical brain
regions. I propose, instead, that emotion should be understood in terms of large-scale …

Increased tonic activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons induces anxiety-
like and aversive behavior. While some information is known about the afferent circuitry that …

The ability to extinguish conditioned fear memory is critical for adaptive control of fear
response, and its impairment is a hallmark of emotional disorders like post-traumatic stress …

Fear extinction involves the formation of a new memory trace that attenuates fear responses
to a conditioned aversive memory, and extinction impairments are implicated in trauma-and …

Overcoming aversive emotional memories requires neural systems that detect when fear
responses are no longer appropriate so that they can be extinguished. The midbrain ventral …

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid modification enables the generation of recombinant
vectors with tailored properties and tropism. Most approaches to date depend on random …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), characterized by abnormally persistent and
distressing memories, is a chronic debilitating condition in need of new treatment options …

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays an important role in motivation and reward processing.
Recent studies suggest that different NAc subnuclei differentially contribute to reward …