Radio frequency (RF) spectrum is highly occupied and adding further broadband channels
to fulfill the exiting user requirements has become difficult. Optical free-space …

In the past few decades, the academic research and industrial synergy is dramatically
accelerating to conceptualize high data rate services. The congestion in the radio frequency …

This paper introduces an assessment framework for the effectiveness of free-space optical
(FSO) communication systems that combine multilevel modulation with the use of orbital …

The FSO communication system offers high data rate investigated over the last few decades
because of extraordinary advantages like unlicensed frequency and bandwidth at low power …

The foundation of any smart city requires an innovative and robust communication
infrastructure. Many research communities envision free-space optical communication (FSO) …

Free space optical (FSO) communication offers huge bandwidth, license-free spectrum and
a more secure channel. PIN diodes are normally used for detection, but avalanche …

We investigate the performance of a heterodyne detection system with adaptive modulation
that employs M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK) modulation for transmission over a strong …

In this paper, we analyze a combined terrestrial-underwater optical communication link for
providing high-speed optical connectivity between onshore and submerge systems. For this …

In this paper, we propose, design, and evaluate a new hybrid terrestrial–underwater optical
communication link for providing high-speed connectivity between land and underwater …

In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid network solution using optical code-division
multiple-access and free-space optics (OCDMA-FSO) to support multiple data rates and …