Although it has been appreciated for some years that cytosolic DNA is immune stimulatory, it
is only in the past five years that the molecular basis of DNA sensing by the innate immune …

Microorganisms that invade a vertebrate host are initially recognized by the innate immune
system through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Several classes of …

Innate immune receptors have a key role in immune surveillance by sensing
microorganisms and initiating protective immune responses. However, the innate immune …

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid …

Malaria caused by the Plasmodium family of parasites, especially P. falciparum and P. vivax,
is a major health problem in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions of the …

Advances in innate immunity over the past decade have revealed distinct classes of pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect pathogens at the cell surface and in intracellular …

Type I Interferons (IFNs) are hallmark cytokines produced in immune responses to all
classes of pathogens. Type I IFNs can influence dendritic cell (DC) activation, maturation …

Hemozoin (HZ) is an insoluble crystal formed in the food vacuole of malaria parasites. HZ
has been reported to induce inflammation by directly engaging Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, an …

The complexity of the immune system mirrors its manifold mechanisms of host-microbe
interactions. A relatively simplified view was posited after the identification of host innate …

Malaria parasites within red blood cells digest host hemoglobin into a hydrophobic heme
polymer, known as hemozoin (HZ), which is subsequently released into the blood stream …