BACKGROUND Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are places in the ocean that receive
protection to safeguard biodiversity from abatable threats. Confusion exists about the …

Substantial efforts and investments are being made to increase the scale and improve the
effectiveness of marine conservation globally. Though it is mandated by international law …

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being used globally to conserve marine
resources. However, whether many MPAs are being effectively and equitably managed, and …

One of the basic purposes of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation
interventions is to achieve conservation impact, the sum of avoided biodiversity loss and …

Policy and practice around protected areas are poorly aligned with the basic purpose of
protection, which is to make a difference. The difference made by protected areas is their …

Conservation interventions are central strategies for achieving sustainable development
goals given the inextricable dependence of humanity on nature. Current debate centres on …

Accelerating ecosystem degradation has spurred proposals to vastly expand the extent of
protected areas (PAs), potentially affecting the livelihoods and well-being of indigenous …

Success in conservation depends on our ability to reduce human pressures in areas that
harbour biological diversity and ecosystem services. Legally protecting some of these areas …

Concerns about the social consequences of conservation have spurred increased attention
the monitoring and evaluation of the social impacts of conservation projects. This has …

Increasing the size and number of marine protected areas (MPAs) is widely seen as a way to
meet ambitious biodiversity and sustainable development goals. Yet, debate still exists on …