Cellular life on Earth started some four billion years ago, taking nearly two billion years to
evolve from protocells to the first prokaryotic cells, including ancient archaea and bacteria …

All species, extant and extinct, from the simplest unicellular prokaryotes to humans, have an
existential consciousness. Without sentience, the first cells that emerged some 4 billion …

The premise of this volume is that there is a continuum of semiotic agents across biology,
extending from the first individually competent cells to their colonial aggregations and then …

The defining principle of evolutionary biology is that all species, extant and extinct, evolved
from ancient prokaryotic cells. Their initial appearance and adaptive evolution are proposed …

Cells emerged at the very beginning of life on Earth and, in fact, are coterminous with life.
They are enclosed within an excitable plasma membrane, which defines the outside and …

The most widely accepted view in the biopsychological sciences is that the cognitive
functions that are diagnostic of mental operations, sentience or, more commonly …

A reductionistic, bottom‐up, cellular‐based concept of the origins of sentience and
consciousness has been put forward. Because all life is based on cells, any evolutionary …

First Minds: Caterpillars,'Karyotes, and Consciousness presents a novel theory of the origins
of mind and consciousness dubbed the Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC). It argues …

In this paper, we follow the evolutionary origins of cells as unicellular organisms and their
evolution towards multicellularity, with a focus on plants and animals, both of which have two …

Consciousness is a mental property, specifically the ability to experience feelings that yield a
subjective point of view (see “Definitions” in Box 1). The mechanisms of consciousness …