What forces lead to democracy's creation? Why does it sometimes consolidate only to
collapse at other times? Written by two of the foremost authorities on this subject in the …

These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in
common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on …

Academic fashions often follow the public political mood. In a period when euphoric public
commentators have announced" the end of history" in the triumph of capitalist democracy …

The cardinal principle of empirical democratic theory is that hard economic times are
supposed to mean hard times for democracy, particularly when it is new and fragile. During …

Over the last two centuries, many countries experienced regime transitions toward
democracy. We document this democratic transition over a long time horizon. We use …

▪ Abstract In this essay, I review recent research on the effects of economic development on
democracy. On the theoretical side, for the first time there has been a systematic attempt to …

Is economic development conducive to political democracy? Does democracy foster or
hinder material welfare? These two questions are examined by looking at the experiences of …

Richer countries are generally democratic. But this could reflect reverse causation or omitted
variables. Evidence that democratizations yield subsequent economic growth is quite weak …

I examine the mutual relation between political regimes and economic growth. Two
questions are discussed:(1) Whether economic development affects the emergence and the …

While some believe that economic development prompts democratization, others contend
that both result from distant historical causes. Using the most comprehensive estimates of …