Quinine was first recognized as a potent antimalarial agent hundreds of years ago. Since
then, the beneficial effects of quinine and its more advanced synthetic forms, chloroquine …

For more than two decades, chloroquine (CQ) was largely and deliberately used as first
choice drug for malaria treatment. However, worldwide increasing cases of resistant strains …

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are derivatives of the heterocyclic
aromatic compound quinoline. These economical compounds have been used as …

Antimalarial drugs (eg chloroquine and its close structural analogues) were developed
primarily to treat malaria; however, they are beneficial for many dermatological …

Despite widespread clinical use of antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and
chloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus …

Initially used as antimalarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and, to a lesser extent,
chloroquine (CQ) are currently being used to treat several diseases. Due to its cost …

Several experimental and clinical studies have transformed the traditional antimalarial role
of chloroquine (CHQ) and related structural analogues to potent therapeutic agents for a …

Highlights•Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine is an old anti-malarial drug belongs to 4-
aminoquinolines.•Chloroquine has additional anti-virus, anti-bacteria, anti-protozoan, anti …

Tradition has it that in 1630, the Countess of Chinchon, the wife of the Spanish Viceroy of
Peru, was cured of fevers by a mysterious powder provided by a Jesuit priest. The powder …

Objectives This review examines the pharmacokinetics, modes of action and therapeutic
properties of the anti-malarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ), in …