Attribution of cybercrimes is significant in limiting the rate of crime as well as in preparing the
required level of response. Motivated by this significance, we introduce a level‐based …

We define cyber attribution as the allocation of a cyber attack to a certain attacker or a group
of attackers in a first step and the unveiling of the real-world identity of the attacker in a …

In recent years the number of cyber-attacks has dramatically increased, affecting military,
government, business and home users. For example, the UK Ministry of Defence claims to …

The objective of this paper is to articulate the problem of attribution in cyber warfare
incidents, including, surveillance, data theft, espionage, and misinformation campaigns. As …

Attribution of malicious cyber activities is a deep issue about which confusion and disquiet
can be found in abundance. Attribution has many aspects—technical, political, legal, policy …

Attribution-tracing those responsible for a cyber attack-is of primary importance when
classifying it as a criminal act, an act of war, or an act of terrorism. Three assumptions …

The attribution of cyber attacks is often neglected. The consensus still is that little can be
done to prosecute the perpetrators–and unfortunately, this might be right in many cases …

Attribution strengthens the ability of an actor to identify those responsible for malicious
activities in cyberspace and potentially hold them accountable. The capacity of a state to …

Attribution of state-sponsored cyberattacks can be difficult, but the significant uptick in
attributions in recent years shows that attribution is far from impossible. After several years of …

Attribution in the context of cyber warfare presents unique difficulties that are not apparent in
other conventional means and methods of armed conflict. Several factors contribute to the …