To date, no short scale exists with established factor structure that can assess individual
differences in competition. The aim of the present study was to uncover and operationalize …

Despite the utility of examining competitiveness across different contexts, current
competitiveness scales lack the ability to unify trait competitiveness into one comprehensive …

More attention must be paid to the multidimensional nature of competitiveness to better
understand how competitiveness relates to personality and gender. We focus on three …

Little research has been devoted to the study of competitiveness as a personality trait. The
Competitiveness Index (CI), developed by Smither and Houston (in press, Educational and …

Differences in competitive orientations were examined in relation to two components of the
Type A behavior pattern, Achievement Strivings and Impatience-Irritability, that have …

This article explores the multifaceted nature of the individual motivations behind engaging in
competition. In doing so, we investigate the theoretical and empirical links between general …

The present study aims to evaluate the structure and the construct validity of the Competitive
Attitude Scale (CAS) among adolescents. This is composed by two dimensions …

The aim of this paper was to study the relationship between an achievement ego scale and
a hypercompetitive scale to assess a more general competitive disposition. Results from …

Some people appear to be motivated by competition, whereas others are not. We
hypothesized that people who are motivated by competition are motivated for at least three …

We compared two sport-specific measures of competitive orientation, the Sport Orientation
Questionnaire (SOQ; Gill & Deeter, 1988) and the Competitive Orientation Inventory (COI; …