Production and activity of interleukin (IL)-1β are kept under strict control in our body,
because of its powerful inflammation-promoting capacity. Control of IL-1β production and …

Immunological memory was long considered a trait exclusive to cells of the adaptive
immune system. However, recent studies have shown that after activation of the innate …

Trained immunity is the long-term memory of innate immune cells, characterised by
increased pro-inflammatory responses towards homo-and heterologous secondary stimuli …

Immunological memory was long considered a trait exclusive to cells of the adaptive
immune system. However, recent studies have shown that after activation of the innate …

The concept of innate immune memory, ie, a change in the reactivity in innate immune cells
previously exposed to various stimuli, is well known in plants, invertebrates and also in …

Highlights•Cells from the innate immune system can undergo functional reprogramming.•
Trained immunity involves rewiring the intracellular immune signaling of innate immune …

The differentiation of peripheral T lymphocytes depends on interactions between intrinsic
and extrinsic factors. In this issue of Immunity, Pipkin et al.(2010) and Kalia et al.(2010) link …

On the basis of the mechanisms of action and characteristics of immune effects, immunity is
commonly categorized into innate and adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity is associated …

Atherosclerosis is a complex metabolic disease characterized by the dysfunction of lipid
metabolism and chronic inflammation in the intimal space of the vessel. As the most …

Summary The interleukin-6 (IL-6) membrane receptor and its circulating soluble form, sIL-
6R, can be targeted by antibody therapy to reduce deleterious immune signaling caused by …