Retinoic acid (RA) activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2 mitogen-
activated protein kinase (MAPK) of HL-60 human myeloblastic leukemia cells before …

The chemotherapeutic agent retinoic acid (RA) and its derivatives have been used to treat
many tumor types. The antitumor effects of retinoids are in part due to their ability to inhibit …

Among the three major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades—the
extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, the c-JUN N-terminal/stress-activated …

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important etiological agent in the genesis of cervical
cancer. HPV-positive cervical tumors and human papillomavirus-positive cell lines display …

Induction of granulocytic differentiation in HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells by retinoids is
followed by their death via apoptosis. Retinoids are known to mediate their biological effects …

Activated by thyroid hormone, the MAPK (ERK1/2) signaling pathway causes serine
phosphorylation by MAPK of several nucleoproteins, including the nuclear thyroid hormone …

Retinoid signaling via retinoic acid (RA) and retinoid X receptors (RARs and RXRs)
regulates mammary epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Loss of RAR-β might represent …

Retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) is thought to be involved in suppressing cell growth and
tumorigenicity. Many premalignant and malignant cells exhibit a reduced RARβ expression …

The expression of the retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR beta) mRNA is absent or down-
regulated in most human breast cancer cell lines. To investigate the role RAR beta may …

F9 teratocarcinoma cell lines, carrying one or two disrupted alleles of the RARβ 2 gene,
were generated by homologous recombination to study the role of RARβ 2 in mediating the …