Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded, non-clonal innate immune receptors,
which are often the first receptors to recognize the molecular patterns on pathogens …

The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the sentinel factor of the innate immunity, which are
essential for host defense. These receptors detect the presence of conserved molecular …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a subset of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in innate
immunity and act as a connecting link between innate and adaptive immune systems …

Protozoa of the genus Leishmania cause a wide variety of pathologies ranging from self‐
healing skin lesions to visceral damage, depending on the parasite species. The outcome of …

Multiple pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on a pathogen's surface imply
their simultaneous recognition by the host cell membrane‐located multiple PAMP‐specific …

More than 10 million people around the world are currently affected by Leishmania sp.(33).
Infection with this protozoan parasite continues to be a problem in underdeveloped …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in macrophage activation and control of
parasitic infections. Their contribution to the outcome of Leishmania infection is just …

Abstract Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), members of pattern recognition receptors, are expressed
on many cells of the innate immune system, and their engagements with antigens regulate …

Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signalling is involved in first‐line defence against L eishmania
parasites by triggering NF‐κB activation and downstream production of proinflammatory …

The essential role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in innate immune responses to bacterial
pathogens is increasingly recognized, but very little is known about the role of TLRs in host …