BACKGROUND The increasing availability of digital data on scholarly inputs and outputs—
from research funding, productivity, and collaboration to paper citations and scientist mobility …

In scientific research, collaboration is one of the most effective ways to take advantage of
new ideas, skills, and resources and for performing interdisciplinary research. Although …

The lack of predictability of citation-based measures frequently used to gauge impact, from
impact factors to short-term citations, raises a fundamental question: Is there long-term …

Scientists and inventors increasingly work in teams, raising fundamental questions about the
nature of team production and making individual assessment increasingly difficult. Here we …

Seeking research funding is an essential part of academic life. Funded projects are primarily
collaborative in nature through internal and external partnerships, but what role does …

Citation networks have been widely used to study the evolution of science through the
lenses of the underlying patterns of knowledge flows among academic papers, authors …

Progress in science has advanced the development of human society across history, with
dramatic revolutions shaped by information theory, genetic cloning, and artificial …

A large number of published studies have examined the properties of either networks of
citation among scientific papers or networks of coauthorship among scientists. Here we …

Citations and text analysis are both used to study the distribution and flow of ideas between
researchers, fields and countries, but the resulting flows are rarely equal. We argue that the …

This paper demonstrates that teamwork in science increasingly spans university boundaries,
a dramatic shift in knowledge production that generalizes across virtually all fields of …