Background Genetic influences are ubiquitous as virtually all phenotypes and most
exposures typically classified as environmental have been found to be heritable. A …

Although gene–environment correlation is recognized and investigated by family studies
and recently by SNP-heritability studies, the possibility that genetic effects on traits capture …

Background Complex psychiatric traits have long been thought to be the result of a
combination of genetic and environmental factors, and gene–environment interactions are …

The significance of genotype–environment interplay is its focus on how causal factors,
whether environmental or genetic, have their effects. It is difficult to establish causality in …

The DNA revolution has energized research on interactions between genes and
environments (GxE) by creating indices of G (polygenic scores) that are powerful predictors …

Background Psychiatric disorders run in families, and early twin, family and adoption studies
confirmed that this was due in part to shared genetic inheritance. While candidate gene …

Associations between exposures and outcomes reported in epidemiological studies are
typically unadjusted for genetic confounding. We propose a two-stage approach for …

Moore and Thoemmes elaborate on one particular source of difficulty in the study of
candidate gene‐by‐environment interactions (cG× E): how different biologically plausible …

Gene–environment interplay is a general term that covers several divergent concepts with
different meanings and different implications. In this review, we evaluate research evidence …

This special issue amply fulfils its aim of moving the study of gene× environment (GE)
interplay forward constructively and creatively, exploiting contributions from diverse …